5.4.1.4 Using donated organs to treat disease Transplantation is explored by a consideration of genetic and taxonomic relationships. Multi-disciplinary teams are involved in transplant surgery. Doctors treating serious disease are hampered by the lack of organs for transplantation. All citizens should make a personal decision about whether or not to carry a donor card.

(a) explain the significance of genetic compatibility in transplant surgery with reference to the major histocompatibility (HLA) system; (b) outline the genetic significance of taxonomic grouping and define the term taxonomy; (c) describe the classification of the species Homo sapiens sapiens into its taxonomic group. (genus, family, order, class, phylum and kingdom); (d) define the term species with reference to Homo sapiens sapiens; (e) explain why the absence of genetic isolation of populations of Homo sapiens sapiens has resulted in no further speciation; (f) outline the potential sources of donated organs and the advantages and disadvantages of each; (g) outline the potential of genetic engineering in the use of non-human organs for transplant surgery; (h) discuss the ethical issues involved in transplant surgery.

5.4.3.1 Advising on the menopause

(g) suggest reasons for the evolution of the female menopause, when sperm production in the male is continuous throughout life.